These vibrations are called overtonesor harmonics, and the 100Hz vibration is called the fundamental.There’s no need to get into the linguistic distinction between these terms instead, we’ll use the more general term partialsto refer to all of them. For example, if a guitar string is vibrating at 100Hz (100 cycles per second), the complex tone of the string will also include vibrations at 200Hz, 300Hz, 400Hz, and so on. In many physical instruments, the frequencies of the sine waves will be simple multiples of one another-or close to them, depending on the instrument’s physical imperfections. This technique is called additive synthesis. This idea-that complex sounds can be analyzed as consisting of stacks of sine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes-is important in synthesizer sound design, because it allows us to build up complex and interesting sounds by mixing sine waves with one another. This wave is very smooth, so its tone is very muted. In VCV Rack, a sine wave is displayed in the PolyScope module from Amalgamated Harmonics. Hermann von Helmholtz, who built a physical resonator that allowed him to isolate the sine wave resonances in physical sounds in the 19th century, also contributed to the theory. This mathematical theory is named after Jean-Baptiste Fourier. If you’d like to know more about the theory, you can search online to learn about Fourier analysis. The sounds of wind and surf are prime examples of noise. The technical term for sounds that never repeat is noise.
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